每10个英国人中有8个参加工作
Currently only one in 10 people work in manufacturing, and even fewer in construction.
目前，只有十分之一的人在制造业工作，建筑行业更是少之又少。
In contrast, more than eight out of 10 people work in service industries.
相比之下，超过80%的人在服务行业工作。
This covers everything from bank workers to plumbers （水管工）and restaurant staff – the businesses that provide work for customers, but which don’t manufacture things.
这涵盖了从银行员工到水管工和餐馆员工的所有行业——这些行业为客户提供工作，但不生产东西。
Workers are older and more likely to be female
工人年龄较大，更有可能是女性
The world of work may once have been a man’s world, but that is no longer the case.
劳动世界曾经曾经是一个男人的世界，但现在已不再如此。
At the start of the 1970s, a little over one-third of workers were women.
1970年代初，三分之一以上的工人是女性。
But rapid growth in female employment during the 1970s and 1980s means that women now make up almost half of the workforce.
但是在1970年代和1980年代，女性就业迅速增长意味着女性现在占劳动力的近一半。
More recently, the workforce has also grown older.
最近，劳动力队伍也变老了。
Nearly one in three people in work is now aged 50 and over, compared to just over one in five back in 1992.
现在，将近三分之一的工作年龄在50岁以上的人，而1992年时只是五分之一的人。
This trend is being driven by rising life expectancy, the progress of the large baby boomer generation （婴儿潮一代）through their careers and policy changes like the increasing state pension age.
这一趋势的驱动因素包括预期寿命的延长、婴儿潮一代在职业生涯中的进步，以及国家养老金领取年龄的提高等政策变化。
A work life less ordinary
一个不那么平凡的工作生活
The changing nature of work – and the jobs people do to make ends meet – has become an increasingly important issue.
工作性质的变化以及人们为维持生计而要做的工作，已成为越来越重要的问题。
Over the last decade, we’ve heard a lot about the rise of zero-hours contracts, and the emerging gig economy（零工经济）
在过去十年中，我们听到了很多关于零工时合同的兴起以及新兴零工经济的信息。
The term is often used to describe short-term casual work, although there is some disagreement about exactly what it means and the number of jobs it includes.
该术语通常用于描述短期的临时工作，尽管在确切含义和所包含的工作数量上存在一些分歧。
In the UK, there are nearly five million self-employed people, from highly-paid management consultants to delivery drivers – an increase of more than 50% since the turn of the millennium.
在英国，有近500万自雇人士，从高薪的管理顾问到送货司机-到本世纪初以来增长了50％以上。
In addition, there are 870,000 workers on zero-hours contracts, 770,000 agency workers and 1.5 million temporary workers.
此外，还有87万零时工、77万机构工和150万临时工。
These forms of employment grew markedly in the mid-2010s. But their share of the labour market has fallen slightly since then, as Britain’s employment rate has risen.
这些就业形式在2010年代中期显著增长。但此后，随着英国的就业率上升，他们在劳动力市场中的份额略有下降。
A traditional full-time job is still the norm
传统的全职工作仍然是常态
Although the world of work is evolving, it is still the case that most people have what might be called traditional jobs.
尽管工作世界在不断发展，但大多数人仍然拥有可以称为传统工作的情况。
Nearly two-thirds of people in work have full-time roles for an employer – a proportion that has fallen only slightly since the early 1990s.
近三分之二的工作人员担任雇主的全职工作，这一比例自1990年代初以来仅略有下降。
But what constitutes a day’s work has changed over time. For the past 150 years, we have consistently chosen to work less, as average hourly pay has risen.
但是，随着时间的流逝，构成一天的工作的方式已经改变。在过去的150年中，随着平均每小时工资的上升，我们一直选择减少工作量。
The average working week is now 32 hours long, down from 56 a century ago.
现在平均每周工作时间为32小时，而一个世纪前的工作时间为56小时。
The minimum wage has helped low earners
最低工资帮助了低收入者
For most people, living standards are determined by whether they have a job – and how much they get paid.
对于大多数人来说，生活水平取决于他们是否有工作以及获得多少报酬。
For the lowest-paid workers, the introduction of the National Minimum Wage in 1999 set a minimum hourly rate for the first time.
对于收入最低的工人，1999年开始实行的《全国最低工资》首次设定了最低时薪。
The National Living Wage – the higher wage floor for workers aged 25 and over – has taken the minimum wage to new heights.
全国最低生活工资——25岁及以上工人的最高工资——将最低工资提高到了新的高度。
那我们接下来, 将找出这篇文章有趣又有用的短语和句子！
Analysis – Page 1
1. In contrast =相反
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) It was cold yesterday, but in contrast it’s very hot today.
昨天很冷，但相反今天却很热。
b) In contrast to her sister, she is very tall.
与姐姐相比，她很高。
类似的短语(similar phrases)
a) On the contrary = 与此相反
b) Unlike = 哪像
2. Service industries = 服务业
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) More people work in service industries than manufacturing.
在服务行业工作的人数多于制造业。
b) The salary in service industries is normally better than manufacturing.
服务业的工资通常比制造业高。
3. This covers everything from … to… = 涵盖了从……到……的所有内容
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) This book is about nature, this covers everything from plants to animals.
这本书是关于自然的，涵盖了从植物到动物的所有事物。
b) I want you to review this film covering everything from the acting to the costumes.
我想请你审批一下这部电影，包括从表演到戏服的所有内容。
4. Man’s world = term used to describe society favours men over women.
用来形容社会的术语，指的是更偏爱男人的社会。
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) Some interviews prefer men, this is a man’s world.
有些采访更喜欢男人，这是男人的世界。
b) She complained about living in a man’s world.
她抱怨生活在一个男人的世界中。
5. No longer the case = 不再如此
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) It’s no longer the case that people only use cash.
人们不再只使用现金了。
b) I used to like watching movies, but this is no longer the case.
我以前喜欢看电影，但是现在不再如此了。
6. Workforce = 劳动力
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) This company has a big workforce.
这家公司有大量的员工。
b) We want to employ more people to add to our workforce.
我们想雇用更多的人来增加我们的劳动力。
7. Baby boomer generation = 婴儿潮的一代
These are people born between 1946 and 1964 (after World War II) when the West experienced very high birth rates. 这些人是1946年至1964年（第二次世界大战之后）出生的人，当时西方的出生率很高。
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) My parents are part of the baby boomer generation.
我的父母是婴儿潮一代的一部分。
b) The baby boomer generation aren’t always familiar with mobile phones.
婴儿潮一代并不总是对手机很熟悉。
8. State pension age = 国家养老金
In the UK the state pension age is between 66 to 67. 在英国，国家养老金年龄在66至67岁之间。
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) I want to retire before the state pension age.
我想在国家养老金年龄之前退休。
b) Even though I’m at state pension age, I want to work.
即使我处于国家养老金年龄，我也想工作.
9. Make ends meet = 维持生计
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) I need to work 2 jobs to make ends meet.
我需要2份工作才能维持生计。
b) It’s hard to make ends meet when you have 6 children.
当你有6个孩子时，很难维持生计。
10. Zero-hours contracts = 零时合约
This is a contract where people pick which hours they want to work, but the company doesn’t have to give them regular work.
这是一项合同，人们可以选择要工作的时间，但公司不必给他们定期工作。
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) Zero-hours contracts are good for students.
零时合同对学生很有好处。
b) Zero-hour contracts allow for flexible work hours.
零时合同规定了灵活的工作时间。
11. Gig economy =零工经济
These are workers employed for a short period of time without a long-term contract.
这些工人是短期雇用的，没有长期合同。
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) Sine the 2008 recession, the gig economy has grown.
在2008年经济衰退之后，零工经济增长了。
b) I am part of the gig economy and don’t have long-term work.
我是零工经济的一员，没有长期工作。
12. Constitutes = 构成
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) This constitutes a danger to people’s health.
这对人们的健康造成了威胁。
b) Eating unhealthy food constitutes a health risk.
吃不健康的食物有健康风险。
13. Minimum wage = 最低工资
例句(illustrative sentences):
a) The minimum wage is higher here.
这里的最低工资比较高。
b) The minimum wage is decided by the government.
最低工资由政府决定。